Born in 1956 (Tunisia). Master in history of science (Paris, France, Sorbone, 1980). PhD in sociology (Paris, EHESS, 1983). Researcher at CREA (École polytechnique, Paris, France) on the history of cybernetics, artificial intelligence and artificial life, 1983-1986. Visiting professor at the University of Quebec in Montreal (Canada), department of communication, 1987-1989. He lectured on the use of computers in communication. Professor of educational sciences at the University of Paris-Nanterre (France), 1990-1992. Taught about educational technologies. PhD in information and communication sciences (Grenoble, France, 1991). Co-founder and researcher at Neurope Laboratory (Geneva, Switzerland). Economics and technology research in the knowledge age”, 1991-1995. Co-inventor of the “knowledge tree”, a system for mapping, accessing and sharing knowledge in communities. Professor at the “hypermedia” department at the University of Paris – St. Denis (France) from 1993 to 1998. Member of the editorial board of “revue virtuelle” of the Pompidou Center (Paris, France) from 1995 to 1997. Author of a report on cyberculture for the Council of Europe (1996). Professor of Cyberculture and Social Communication at the University of Quebec, Canada (Department of Social Communication, UQTR), since 1998.