Propolis extract: antioxidant effects and potential implications for human health in sleep

Propolis is a natural product produced by bees from plant exudates found around hives, serving as a protective barrier against microorganisms and environmental factors. Its therapeutic use dates back to ancient civilizations, and in recent decades, propolis extract has gained increasing scientific attention due to its chemical diversity and wide range of biological effects, particularly as a remedy for various diseases, which highlight its therapeutic potential and applicability in different health-related areas. Despite the growing scientific interest in the bioactive properties of propolis extract, most investigations have focused on its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects, with a scarcity of systematized evidence regarding its direct influence on sleep quality in adults. Considering the clinical and social relevance of sleep disorders-associated with increased oxidative stress and a higher risk of metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases- a critical and comprehensive analysis of the literature is necessary. This study aims to gather and evaluate the available evidence on the combined effects of a healthy diet and propolis extract on sleep quality, offering an innovative and complementary perspective compared with previously published works.